Monday, 12 December 2016

IWRM – a model to be followed?

BLOG 9: IWRM – a model to be followed?

Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) has garnered a lot of interest, and popularity, in recent history. The Global Water Partnership define it as:

'A process which promotes the coordinated development and management of water, land and related resources, in order to maximise the resultant economic and social welfare in an equitable manner without compromising the sustainability of vital ecosystems'. (Mehta, 2015).

Clearly, with such an entity endorsing its use, it has become subject and found involvement with a number of water policy strategies in countries such as Nigeria and Chad. As mentioned in my second blog, bhe global rise in population places a dire importance in water resource management. Freshwater, being a finite resource, requires an active approach to conservation and increase in efficiency.

 Success can be seen in Nigeria’s Komadugu-YobeRiver Basin, where the construction of dams and large-scale irrigation previously led to conflict. IWRM ensured that a water charter was put in place whereby farmers, fishermen and herders were all part of the plans to restore the river flow.

 Whilst many have championed it, this has been met with debate placing it as a source of contention. IWRM, owing to the fact it is a major reform, could take decades before acceptable adherence to its principles is observed. In addition, it is important to recognise water as an economic good and changing allocation of water resources can have an adverse impact on different countries or groups that will need to reduce usage of water. Developing countries pose an additional barrier in that the monitoring of progress can be difficult to measure – especially so in cases where the water sector is significantly more informal and built on a local infrastructure thereby making national goals harder to achieve.

There is certainly an argument to be made that people have become more concerned with the acronym itself and that IWRM has swayed from the objectives it primarily set out to achieve.

Here are some of the contentions:

Masks neoliberalism:
·      This views the paradigm as regulating water not for the sake of its conservation of equitable allocation, but to favour the TNCs and neoliberal model of governance (Mehta, 2015).
·      Does not take a participatory approach and as such allows elites to control its implementation – this is seen in the case of Mozambique

Being too idealistic:
·      It is difficult to find a quick-fix solution, and a solution that will please everybody.
·      Therefore its emphasis on including all players is argued to be unrealistic

I certainly see where some of these concerns are coming from, but I do believe that if the core principles that IWRM set out with are adhered to, then equitable solutions and good management can be had. These concerns largely come about due to a departure from these very principles, therefore does not necessarily reflect IWRM itself – rather what people purportedly perceive IWRM to be.



References:

UNESCO (2016) http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0018/001818/181891E.pdf

Biswas, A.K., 2004. Integrated Water Resources Management: A Reassessment. Water International 29 (2), 248–256.

Mehta, L (2015) Politics of Integrated Water Resources Management in southern Africa, (WWW) Institute of Development Studies (ids.ac.uk; 12/11/16).

Van der Zaag, P. 2005. Integrated Water Resources Management: Relevant concept or irrelevant buzzword? A capacity building and research agenda for Southern Africa, Physics and Chemistry of the Earth 30, 867-871.


Saturday, 3 December 2016

(Mis)representation of Water in Africa – justifying a means for an end?

BLOG 8: (Mis)representation of Water in Africa – justifying a means for an end?

Having been involved with a number of philanthropic charity initiatives myself, such as the annual ‘Charity Week’ at UCL which raised over £131,000 last year (sorry for the plug…), I have been not only exposed but also implicitly involved with publicity and marketing strategies that use ‘shocking’ footage in a bid to strike a chord in the audiences heart – all in the hope that it will motivate them to donate. That was quite a long sentence - so I’ll gift you with a breather... and now back to work. Often I have found myself at the tail-end of a number of heated discussions and debates, mainly surrounding the overarching question of whether the use of such imagery is conducive towards the greater good of fulfilling charity.




Here’s some of the arguments that are presented:

Ramification number one: Purportedly paints Africa as being one country

Ramification number two: suggests western powers are the only saviour

Ramification number three (in response to number 2): People in Africa are both hapless and helpless.

Ramification number four: Desensitising people to the plight as it can have the counter effect by ‘normalising’

Ramification number five: Disrespectful to the very subjects it seeks to represent.

Ramification number six: justifies the use of them

Ramification number seven: Commodifies their plight, as something to be exploited

I’m not going to attempt to tackle these or debunk them as though they are myths, for the simple reason that some of these arguments are mine (or at least shared by me) and valid (the two aren’t dependant  – I’m not that arrogant).

I argue that these tools such as poverty porn are not conducive towards alleviating the situation in a sustainable way. Rather, they are both a subject and product of a perpetuating distortion of truth – and the many ramifications mentioned above. This is inherently political given the dynamics at play. Poverty porn paints a picture of misrepresentation – portraying individual stories and cases as the problem, thereby undermining the systems in place both causing and perpetuating poverty. The issues it portrays are overwhelmingly visual such as lack of suitable clothing, denying attention to other factors such as mental health and psychological suffering. Often, the stereotypes portrayed are false leading to only extreme cases shown and lack of focus on those who still require the help of charities but could be deemed ‘not extreme enough’.I have come to realise that these methods seek to only offer a disservice to the groups it seeks to represent, and by doing so, they are guilty of perpetuating and giving justification to the very issues it seeks to avoid. It is interesting that the passive recipient here is presented as the hapless and needy subject compared to the active giver (here being the charities). This fortifies the post-colonial discourse through exposing the power dynamics at play here.

In a TED Talk watched nearly 5 million times, author Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie says:
“The consequence of the single story is this: it robs people of dignity. It makes our recognition of our equal humanity difficult. It emphasises how we are different rather than how we are similar….
Stories have been used to dispossess and to malign, but stories can also be used to empower and humanise. Stories can break the dignity of a people, but stories can also repair that broken dignity.”

The only counter one can really present, to explain (but not justify – which is an important distinction to make) is that indeed, these charities as reputable as they be, are in essence businesses. With recent scandals exposing just how big the bonus pay packages can be, the humiliation this brought the CEO’s, I’m sure, are not a pinch of salt compared to what the recipients may feel.


References:

AquaAid (2012) A continent of thirsty children. Available at: http://aquaidwatercoolers.co.uk/a-continent-of-thirsty-children (Accessed: 23 December 2016).

Schaffer, J. (2016) Poverty Porn - Do the means justify the ends? Available at: https://nonprofitquarterly.org/2016/06/10/poverty-porn-do-the-means-justify-the-ends/ (Accessed: 23 December 2016).

Water. Org (2016) Water.Org Safe water & sanitation Charity. Available at: http://www.water.org (Accessed: 23 December 2016).

WaterAid (2015) Big Pipe Project. Available at: http://www.bigpipeproject.wateraid.org (Accessed: 23 December 2016).


Websites (all accessed 20th November 2016)












Thursday, 24 November 2016

Groundwater in Africa – a blessing being cursed?



BLOG 7: Groundwater in Africa – a blessing being cursed?

Ah, groundwater! You may be thinking that this blog entry is somewhat a departure from the pervading theme of colonialism in my recent blogs, given that the interest in groundwater is a seemingly new phenomenon -  e.g.it took until 2008 in Kampala for the first conference (Taylor et al., 2012). Well, you’d be wrong. As we will find out, I argue that whilst groundwater indeed offers a great potential in meeting domestic, agricultural and industrial water demands, the potential for groundwater is being increasingly and inherently hydro-compromised (I couldn’t help myself...) – because of hydro-colonialism and the principles it continues to perpetuate.

Firstly, why the interest in groundwater?

Well. There is no doubt it is a vital source of freshwater and given that groundwater supplies can be maintained during periods of little or no rainfall and help to even out meteorological variability (MacDonald et al., 2011), it is particularly vital in areas that rainfall and river discharge are otherwise ranked the most variable on Earth – integral for Africa as we found out in my opening blog. As such, its it provides a fantastic resilient option to meet increasing domestic demand, access to safe water and enhancing food security e.g. through irrigation (IGRAC, 2016), not to mention tackling the challenges of climate change (Taylor, 2004) and population increase (WorldBank, 2016) – which are set to impact Africa more than any other region in the World (Conway, 2011). It has garnered a huge level of interest so much so that a body of international scientists are coming together to explore its dynamics, through avenues such as ‘The Chronicles Consortium” where I believe a certain Richard Taylor is the Co-Chair… (note: Richard is my professor who is assessing me on this blog... hopefully he’ll appreciate the plug and consequently give me full marks).

Great, so what’s the issue?

Indeed, its merits are and have been realised. For example, 80% of the domestic rural water supplies in Sub-Saharan Africa derive from groundwater (Calow et al 2010).However, acknowledging the true benefits of groundwater in response to climate variability is still yet to be spread (Conway, 2011) – and where the benefits are known, the infrastructure to extract it may not yet be in place. Unfortunately, in some places, we are coming to see that those who are seeing its benefits, and those who have/can bring the infrastructure, are those with ulterior motives than hastening the development of Africa. This is already beginning to be the case in Ethiopia, where Nestle have been found guilty of groundwater extraction that has resulted in hundreds of people being relocated (Corporate Watch, 2016).

There is also the example of The Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System (NSAS) - one the world’s largest ‘fossil’ groundwater aquifer – covering two million square kilometres.  Chad, Egypt, Libya and Sudan agree on framework for joint management of this system, however, these players have illustrated that



So what does this mean for groundwater in Africa?

Unfortunately then, I strongly feel that areas with an abundance of groundwater are likely to become more susceptible to land grab in the near future. Whilst surface water continues to be a focal point, companies like Nestle are beginning to notice the woes of climate change and consequently begun shifting effort to the ‘goldmine’ of groundwater that exists beneath ground.  Governments are allowing such companies to infiltrate and these examples can be seen in blog 5. Hydro-colonial legacy continues to influence water resource management and it comes back to our old friend that money > lives. I believe this is why countries such as Ethiopia etc are favouring TNC involvement.

Whilst groundwater brings with it huge potential, it is a shame this potential is going to be constantly undermined. In this vein then I argue that groundwater does not provide a panacea for alleviating water stress, due to being constantly undermined by the governance structures and politics that undermine its utility. It should not be thought of independent to the politics and management that surround it.

My suggestion is that law and regulation must seek to ensure the primary use of groundwater is for subsistence through activity such as small-scale irrigation systems and managed by local communities. Groundwater must become more than just a fashionable statement.  The water resource management plans must ensure the rights of locals are not compromised, which means they must not be simply resettled.

 Even beyond and before all this though, it would be nice to not pressure the people in African countries to be forced to extract more of their rightful Groundwater sources than necessary, because of the anthropogenic climate change that we are inducing – and that they are least responsible for. So, yes, even we are becoming complicit in exacerbating the dangers they face.  You see, there really is a domino effect to the purportedly innocuous things we do.

I have digressed in this blog and at times answered the question on whether scarcity leads to conflict, rather than groundwater being undermined by hydro-colonialism.

References:

https://corporatewatch.org/company-profiles/nestl%c3%a9-sa-corporate-crimes#water

Calow R C. et al. 2010 Ground Water 48, 246–56.



Taylor, R.G., Scanlon, B.R., Doell, P., Rodell, M., van Beek, L., Wada, Y., Longuevergne, L., LeBlanc, M., Famiglietti, J.S., Edmunds, M., Konikow, L., Green, T., Chen, J., Taniguchi, M., Bierkens, M.F.P., MacDonald, A., Fan Y., Maxwell, R., Yechieli, Y., Gurdak, J., Allen, D., Shamsudduha, M., Hiscock, K., Yeh, P., Holman, I. and Treidel, H., 2013. Groundwater and climate change. Nature Climate Change, Vol. 3, 322-329.
Taylor, R.G., Todd, M., Kongola, L., Nahozya, E., Maurice, L., Sanga, H. and MacDonald, A., 2013. Evidence of the dependence of groundwater resources on extreme rainfall in East Africa. Nature Climate Change, Vol. 3, 374-378.